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Scoliosis Causes, Symptoms, Types and Treatment

Scoliosis is a severe medical condition that affects millions of people worldwide, often during their adolescence. It’s characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine, which can cause various health issues if left untreated. This article is about details of scoliosis and explores its introduction, signs and symptoms, and available treatment options.

 Scoliosis is a word that originated from the Greek word “skolios,” which means curve or crook. It refers to a lateral curvature of the spine, leading to an S or C-shaped appearance when viewed from the front or back. While some cases of scoliosis are congenital (present at birth), most develop during adolescence, a condition known as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

The exact cause of Scoliosis remains unclear, but genetics seem to play a significant role, as it often runs in families. Other potential causes include neuromuscular conditions, injury, or infection. Regardless of the cause, early detection and management are crucial for preventing potential complications.

Identifying scoliosis in its early stages is essential for effective treatment. Some common signs and symptoms of scoliosis include

Uneven Shoulder Heights

One of the earliest signs is a noticeable difference in shoulder height when standing straight.

Asymmetrical Waist

A scoliotic curve can lead to an uneven waistline, with one side appearing higher than the other.

Prominent Ribcage

In some cases, the ribs on one side may protrude more prominently than on the other.

Head Not Centered

When viewed from behind, the head may not align with the center of the pelvis.

Uneven Leg Length

Although not always present, scoliosis can sometimes cause differences in leg length.

Back Pain

As scoliosis progresses, individuals may experience back pain, muscle stiffness, or discomfort.

It’s important to note that scoliosis varies in severity. Some individuals may have mild curves that cause few issues, while others may develop more pronounced curves that affect their daily lives.

Based on severity progress, scoliosis can be divided into functional and structural scoliosis

Functional Scoliosis

 Functional scoliosis is a temporary and flexible curvature of the spine, and skeletal changes are not permanent or structural changes. It is not caused by structural issues but rather by factors outside the spine, such as muscle imbalances or leg length discrepancies. Correcting the underlying cause, such as muscle imbalances or posture, can often resolve functional scoliosis without the need for invasive treatments.

Structural Scoliosis

This type involves a fixed and permanent curvature of the spine. It is typically caused by abnormalities in the spine’s bones, such as congenital malformations or degenerative changes. Structural scoliosis results in a persistent lateral (side-to-side) curvature of the spine and may require medical intervention or bracing for correction.

These two types of scoliosis have different underlying causes and may require different approaches for diagnosis and treatment.

Observation

If scoliosis is suspected, a healthcare professional, often a physiotherapy specialist, will conduct a physical examination. During the examination, the doctor will look for the telltale signs of scoliosis and may order additional tests, such as X-rays or an MRI, to assess the curvature and its impact on the spine and surrounding structures.

The treatment of scoliosis primarily depends on several factors, including the patient’s age,  severity of spinal curvature, and potential for further progression. Here are the main treatment methods in greater detail:

Physiotherapy Treatment for Scoliosis

Assessment and Evaluation

The first step in physiotherapy treatment for scoliosis is a thorough assessment and evaluation by a trained physiotherapist. This evaluation includes

  • Assessment of muscle strength and flexibility
  • Measurement of the degree and pattern of the spinal curvature
  • Assessment of muscle strength and flexibility

Customized Exercise Programs

Physiotherapists design personalized exercise programs according to the individual’s specific needs and the severity of their scoliosis. These exercises aim to:

Stretching of the Tight Muscles

  • Strengthen the weak muscles around the spine to provide better support
  • Increase flexibility and range of motion
  • Improve posture and body awareness

The Schroth Method

The Schroth method is a specialized physiotherapy approach designed for scoliosis management. It includes a series of exercises and postural corrections that focus on:

  • Three-dimensional correction of the spinal curvature
  • Strengthening the weak muscles and stretching the tight ones
  • Improving breathing patterns to enhance spinal stability

Core Strengthening Exercises

Core muscles play a significant role in supporting the spine. Physiotherapists often incorporate exercises that target the abdominal and back muscles to improve core strength, stability, and posture

Stretching and Flexibility Exercises

Stretching exercises are used to address muscle imbalances and promote flexibility in the spine and surrounding muscles. Stretching can help reduce muscle tightness and improve range of motion

Postural Training

Correcting posture is a key focus of physiotherapy for scoliosis. Patients are taught proper body mechanics and positioning techniques to minimize the impact of the curvature on their daily activities

Breathing Exercises

Breathing exercises are an integral part of scoliosis physiotherapy, especially in the Schroth method. Proper breathing techniques can help improve ribcage mobility and enhance spinal stability

Use of Props and Equipment

Physiotherapists may incorporate props and equipment, such as foam rollers, exercise balls, and resistance bands, to enhance the effectiveness of exercises and provide support during stretches

Home Exercise Programs

Patients are often given home exercise programs to continue their rehabilitation independently. Consistency in performing these exercises is essential for long-term benefits

Pain Management Techniques

Physiotherapists may employ pain management techniques such as manual therapy, heat or cold therapy, and modalities like ultrasound to alleviate discomfort associated with scoliosis

Monitoring and Progression

Regular follow-up appointments with the physiotherapist are crucial to monitor progress, adjust exercises, and ensure that the treatment plan is effective

It’s important to note that physiotherapy for scoliosis is most effective when integrated into a comprehensive treatment plan that may include other interventions like bracing or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition. Additionally, the success of physiotherapy depends on the patient’s commitment to performing prescribed exercises consistently and following the guidance of their physiotherapist

Chiropractic Care

Some individuals with scoliosis seek chiropractic care to manage their condition. While chiropractic adjustments may provide temporary relief from discomfort, they are not considered a primary treatment for scoliosis, and their long-term effectiveness is debated among healthcare professionals

Electrical Stimulation

In some cases, electrical stimulation devices may be used as an adjunct to treatment. These devices aim to stimulate muscle contractions and may help improve muscle strength and control

Types of Braces

When the curvature is moderate and there’s a risk of it progressing, bracing is often recommended. The most common type of brace used is the Boston brace or the Milwaukee brace, both of which are designed to apply corrective pressure on the spine

Brace Usage

Braces are typically worn for several hours each day and at night while sleeping. The goal is to halt the progression of the curve and prevent it from becoming more severe. The specific duration and wearing schedule will be determined by the treating orthopedic specialist

Compliance

Successful bracing requires commitment and compliance from the patient, especially in the case of adolescents. It’s essential to follow the orthopedic specialist’s recommendations diligently to achieve the best results

Indications

Severe cases of scoliosis that continue to progress despite bracing or those with very pronounced spinal curves may require surgical intervention. Surgery is typically considered when the curve exceeds 40-50 degrees

Surgical Procedure

The most common surgical procedure for scoliosis is spinal fusion. During this surgery, the surgeon

  • Straightens the spine by manually adjusting the vertebrae.
  • Places bone grafts or bone graft substitutes between the affected vertebrae to promote fusion.
  • Uses metal rods, hooks, screws, or other devices to hold the vertebrae in the corrected position.

Post-Surgery

After spinal fusion surgery, patients may need to wear a brace for a period to support the healing process. Physical therapy and rehabilitation are often part of the recovery plan.

Scoliosis is a condition that can have a profound impact on a person’s life if left untreated. Early detection and intervention are key to managing scoliosis effectively. Regular check-ups, especially for adolescents, can help catch scoliosis in its early stages when conservative treatments are most effective.

You should be concerned about scoliosis because it can deform your back, affecting your posture while sitting and standing, potentially causing back pain, and limiting your daily activities. Proper back positioning is essential, and if you suspect scoliosis, consulting a physiotherapy specialist can help with early diagnosis and appropriate management. Timely intervention can improve outcomes and quality of life for individuals with scoliosis

He is a highly qualified and skilled consultant physical therapist with over 15 years of expertise in treating various musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and rheumatological conditions. He currently holds the position of Consultant Physiotherapist and heads the Physiotherapy Department at Joint Care Clinic, where he has gained recognition as one of the leading specialists for scoliosis treatment in Lahore.

Dr. Azhar Ayyub’s exceptional proficiency extends to the assessment and treatment of scoliosis. With his wealth of experience and dedication to improving spinal health, he is widely regarded as the go-to specialist for scoliosis management in Lahore.

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